Recent developments in global diplomacy show increasing dynamics and complexity in the international arena. One key aspect is the shift in global power, where non-Western countries, especially from Asia, are starting to play a more significant role. China and India, as two great powers, are not only increasing their economic influence, but also actively engaging in multilateral diplomacy. China, through its Belt and Road initiative, seeks to build infrastructure and economic connections in more than 140 countries. This creates opportunities for collaboration but also raises concerns about debt and dependency. Additionally, China is focused on establishing new global institutions that displace existing Western norms, such as in the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Meanwhile, climate diplomacy is also a top priority. The 2015 Paris Agreement has encouraged countries to increase their climate action ambitions. The 26th Conference of Parties (COP) in Glasgow was in the spotlight with countries’ commitment to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Countries such as Japan and South Korea are now increasingly competing in green technology and renewable energy, producing innovations that can contribute to global sustainability. The global coalition for cyber security has also experienced significant developments. In light of increasingly frequent cyberattacks, countries such as the United States and NATO members are working together to strengthen digital security. This cyber diplomacy is crucial in facing challenges from countries that are considered threats, including Russia and China. Another global challenge arises through the issue of migration. The war in Ukraine and political unrest in several African and Middle Eastern countries have created a refugee crisis that requires a multilateral solution. International organizations such as the UN seek to provide assistance and sanctions against countries that violate human rights, strengthening diplomacy to maintain stability. Turning to technology, the impact of digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) is also changing the way countries interact. Digital diplomacy is emerging as a new approach, enabling countries to communicate more efficiently and effectively. This also creates new challenges regarding information security and the influence of social media on public opinion. In the context of human rights norms, diplomacy is also adapting to deal with human rights violations that occur in various parts of the world. Western countries especially emphasize the importance of justice and human rights, although they are often faced with dissatisfaction from countries that argue that these issues are used as foreign policy instruments. Finally, global health diplomacy becomes very important after the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of vaccines and efforts to ensure equitable distribution demonstrate the need for closer international cooperation. Countries are starting to realize that global health is an issue that cannot be faced alone, making health collaboration an integral part of diplomacy. Overall, recent developments in global diplomacy indicate a significant shift from traditional approaches towards more complex multilateral cooperation, and these dynamics will continue to shape the international landscape in the years to come.
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